The History of AI101 · Module IV · Lesson 15 of 21
Article · 12 min

The transformer, 2017

The paper that changed everything.

Summary

'Attention Is All You Need' (Vaswani et al., 2017) proposed an architecture built entirely on attention — no recurrence, no convolutions. It was designed for translation. It became the substrate of every frontier language model, every foundation model, and most of modern AI.

Objectives
  • 01State what the transformer removed and what it kept.
  • 02Explain why removing recurrence mattered.
  • 03Trace the seven-year path from translation to ChatGPT.
The Lesson

The move

Attention lets every position in a sequence directly attend to every other position, in parallel. Recurrence forced sequential computation and long-range dependency loss. Removing it made training massively parallelizable and long-range coherence tractable.

The consequence

GPT (2018), BERT (2018), GPT-2 (2019), GPT-3 (2020), ChatGPT (2022). Every one is a transformer. The 2017 paper is the closest thing modern AI has to a founding document.

Key Ideas
  • Attention replaces recurrence, enabling parallel training at scale.
  • The transformer is the substrate of the foundation-model era.
References
  • Vaswani et al., 'Attention Is All You Need,' NeurIPS (2017)